Pinealon

The synthetic tripeptide pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) demonstrates dose-dependent restriction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, induced by oxidative stress stimulated by receptor-dependent or -independent processes. At the same time, pinealon decreases necrotic cell death measured by the propidium iodide test. The protective effect of pinealon is accompanied with a delayed time course of ERK 1/2 activation and modification of the cell cycle. Because restriction of ROS accumulation and cell mortality is saturated at lower concentrations, whereas cell cycle modulation continues at higher concentrations of pinealon, one can conclude that besides its known antioxidant activity, pinealon is able to interact directly with the cell genome.

Therapeutic peptides are emerging as promising adjuncts in the management of orthopaedic injuries, grounded in their ability to modulate molecular signaling networks central to cellular medicine. By acting on key pathways such as PI3K/Akt, mTOR, MAPK, TGF-β, and AMPK, peptides exert influence over tissue regeneration, inflammation resolution, and neuromuscular recovery. Wound-healing peptides such as BPC-157, TB-500, and GHK-Cu promote angiogenesis, integrin-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling, and fibroblast activation, whereas growth hormone secretagogues like ipamorelin, CJC-1295, tesamorelin, sermorelin, and AOD-9604 activate IGF-1 signaling and satellite cell repair. Recovery-enhancing agents such as epithalon, delta sleep-inducing peptide, and pinealon target circadian and mitochondrial regulators, and neuroactive peptides like selank, semax, and dihexa enhance brain-derived neurotrophic factor and HGF/c-Met pathways critical to neuroplasticity. Although preclinical studies are promising, there is a current lack of clinical trials. This review integrates current mechanistic insights with orthopaedic relevance, emphasizing safety, efficacy, and future directions for responsible integration into musculoskeletal care.

In the monitoring process 110 representatives of different age groups held a comparative analysis of the efficacy and safety of several geroprotective techniques, including the use of dry carbon dioxide baths, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, therapeutic massage and receiving Oligopeptide preparations containing complexes lysyl-glutamyl-asparagin and glutamyl-asparagin-arginine (Vezugen and Pinealon). The most pronounced positive impact on indicators of biological age were detected during the combined use of these two Oligopeptide complexes. The most safe from the point of view of influence on a number of biochemical, immunological parameters, clinical condition of the patients were therapeutic massage and Oligopeptide drugs. The use of dry carbon dioxide baths and hyperbaric oxygenation with an undoubtedly positive influence on the indices of biological age has a number of limitations and contraindications regarding its security.

The research of Cortexin and Pinealon within two models of stress, acute hypobaric hypoxia and mild hypothermia, within 18-month aged rats has been held. The peculiarities of peptide preparations' influence on behavior and neurochemical indeces have been identified. Cortexin shows a more pronounced effect on free radical processes and caspase 3 activity in brain than Pinealon. Both preparations forward an accumulation of adrenergic mediator within rats' brains in the model of acute hypobaric hypoxia, as well as serotonin within cerebrum cortex in the model of mild hypothermia, which may underlie their geroprotective effects.

While studying the effects of Cortexin and Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) on the caspase-3 activity in the brain, an interleykin-6 and a factor of tumor necrosis in blood serum of old rats under the sharp hypoxic hypoxia it was suggested that in hypoxia of brain conditions Pinealon forwards the increase of the neurogenesis and the decrease neuroinflammatory reactions to a reference level. With the sharp hypoxic hypoxia Cortexin reduces an ability of brain tissue of programmed cells death, but saves the content of interleykin-6 at high level.

We've estimated the cellular and metabolic part of geroprophylactic effects of short synthetic tripeptides vesugen and pinealon for correction of the biological age. 32 people (18 men, 12 women) aged 41-83 years with polymorbidity and the organic brain syndrome in remission participated in the study. The preparations of "Pinealon" and "Vesugen" have had the significant anabolic effect. They have improved the activity of the Central nervous system and other vital organs, which slows the rate of aging by biological age indicators. Vesugen has demonstrated more visible geroprophylactic effect than Pinealon. At the same time we've found the prooxidant activity through chemiluminescence. Decrease of markers CD34+ positive hematopoietic polypotent cells in blood has shown significant inhibition of hemopoiesis. Apparently, the cells have not been involved in the adaptive reactions. Pinealon and Vesugen haven't affected the degree of chromatin condensation, so they are safe on nuclear genetic level. This property should be studied in future. In geriatric practice, we recommend to apply the peptides Pinealon and Vesugen as geroprotectors anabolic neuroprotective and no antioxidant type for reducing the rate of aging in patients with the organic brain syndrome vascular and/or traumatic genesis.